CPT 99285: Federal IDR outcomes
Emergency department visit with high level of medical decision making
In 2025 Q1–Q4, the provider or facility offer prevailed in 84.9% of 586,138 determined Federal IDR dispute line items for CPT 99285. The median prevailing offer was 2.87x the QPA (25th–75th percentile 1.87x–4.49x; n = 521,358). The median time to a decision was 38 business days (n = 586,138).
Determined line items
586,138
2025 Q1–Q4 · 452 split decisions excluded
Provider win rate
84.9%
n = 586,138 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Median payment vs QPA
2.87x
middle half 1.87x–4.49x · n = 521,358 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Median days to decision
38
business days, from dispute initiation · n = 586,138 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Dollar amounts
Total awarded
$1.29B
sum of prevailing offers · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Total QPA
$330.3M
sum of QPAs, same line items · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Awarded above QPA
$961.8M
total awarded minus total QPA · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Median award per line item
$875
mean $2,492 · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Median QPA
$292
per line item · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Award vs QPA, dollar-weighted
3.91x
total awarded ÷ total QPA · n = 518,436 · 2025 Q1–Q4
Dollar amounts come from the separate CMS “QPA and Offers” file: line items decided for the provider or the plan with a non-suppressed QPA and prevailing offer. That file cannot be joined to the line items above, so its n differs. Awarded = the prevailing (selected) offer; it is not a record of what was paid. State comes from the file’s geographic region; a metro area that spans states counts in each. How the dollar figures work
Dollar amounts by period
| Period | Line items with $ | Total awarded | Total QPA | Above QPA | Median award | Median QPA | Award ×QPA ($-weighted) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 Q1–Q4 | 518,436 | $1.29B | $330.3M | $961.8M | $875 | $292 | 3.91x |
| 2024 Q3–Q4 | 157,973 | $227.2M | $109.7M | $117.5M | $823 | $265 | 2.07x |
| 2024 Q3–2025 Q4 | 676,409 | $1.52B | $440.0M | $1.08B | $852 | $286 | 3.45x |
| 2023 Q1–2024 Q2 | Not available (see methodology). | ||||||
From the CMS QPA and Offers file (see above). Award ×QPA here is total awarded ÷ total QPA, so large claims weigh more than in the per-line median ratio.
By period
| Period | Line items | Win % | Median ×QPA | 25th–75th | Ratio n | Median days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 Q1–Q4 | 586,138 | 84.9% | 2.87x | 1.87x–4.49x | 521,358 | 38 |
| 2024 Q1–Q4 | 266,640 | 81.1% | 2.87x | 1.76x–4.19x | 230,648 | 131 |
| 2023 Q1–Q4 | 56,373 | 76.4% | 2.51x | 1.33x–3.67x | 49,292 | 84 |
| 2023 Q1–2025 Q4 | 909,151 | 83.2% | 2.85x | 1.79x–4.30x | 801,298 | not pooled |
Line items = determined dispute line items (n). Win rate excludes split decisions and includes default decisions. Ratio n = line items reporting a payment-to-QPA ratio. Days are business days as reported by CMS (2023–2024: from IDR entity assignment; 2025: from initiation) and are never pooled.
By state
| State (place of service) | Line items | Win % | Median ×QPA | Ratio n | Median days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas | 140,148 | 83.8% | 3.26x | 125,389 | 34 |
| Florida | 55,911 | 84.8% | 2.18x | 51,660 | 44 |
| Arizona | 51,710 | 80.5% | 2.96x | 32,190 | 44 |
| Georgia | 44,794 | 86.2% | 3.13x | 36,973 | 45 |
| Tennessee | 31,686 | 80.1% | 3.40x | 30,012 | 49 |
| California | 26,513 | 88.9% | 2.36x | 24,563 | 31 |
| Nevada | 21,857 | 90.2% | 2.45x | 18,441 | 37 |
| Indiana | 18,457 | 87.5% | 2.51x | 18,178 | 32 |
| Virginia | 18,056 | 87.8% | 3.15x | 17,246 | 47 |
| Louisiana | 14,486 | 82.5% | 3.81x | 14,148 | 37 |
| Ohio | 13,558 | 90.5% | 2.39x | 13,223 | 37 |
| Oklahoma | 12,905 | 90.6% | 3.07x | 11,980 | 38 |
| New York | 12,219 | 87.8% | 2.31x | 10,386 | 42 |
| North Carolina | 12,198 | 77.4% | 2.70x | 11,222 | 35 |
| Arkansas | 10,595 | 88.9% | 3.60x | 10,468 | 35 |
| Alabama | 10,297 | 83.3% | 5.07x | 10,017 | 50 |
| New Mexico | 9,620 | 95.3% | 4.68x | 9,498 | 35 |
| Missouri | 7,979 | 89.4% | 3.71x | 7,530 | 39 |
| Mississippi | 7,959 | 81.0% | 2.59x | 7,837 | 37 |
| South Carolina | 7,417 | 85.2% | 3.18x | 7,358 | 39 |
| Illinois | 6,530 | 83.6% | 3.25x | 6,274 | 35 |
| Maryland | 6,118 | 82.1% | 3.06x | 6,052 | 42 |
| Kentucky | 6,020 | 87.1% | 2.89x | 5,405 | 45 |
| Washington | 5,558 | 90.0% | 2.11x | 5,525 | 28 |
| New Jersey | 5,074 | 84.2% | 2.08x | 3,382 | 45 |
| Kansas | 4,829 | 94.0% | 2.36x | 4,719 | 28 |
| Michigan | 4,784 | 90.2% | 2.51x | 3,758 | 35 |
| Connecticut | 3,453 | 72.7% | 2.75x | 3,368 | 36 |
| Pennsylvania | 2,325 | 85.5% | 2.81x | 2,216 | 38 |
| Wisconsin | 2,310 | 77.4% | 2.14x | 1,948 | 34 |
| Massachusetts | 1,933 | 57.3% | 1.92x | 1,859 | 105 |
| Colorado | 1,854 | 80.9% | 2.10x | 1,844 | 33 |
| New Hampshire | 1,255 | 90.2% | 3.17x | 1,228 | 58 |
| Iowa | 1,151 | 84.5% | 2.18x | 1,136 | 44 |
| Rhode Island | 882 | 88.5% | 2.16x | 843 | 34 |
| Delaware | 876 | 66.3% | 2.23x | 848 | 187 |
| Utah | 634 | 81.7% | 1.89x | 623 | 34 |
| Maine | 584 | 94.5% | 2.93x | 579 | 27 |
| Idaho | 414 | 81.2% | 7.51x | 413 | 25 |
| West Virginia | 315 | 90.8% | 3.31x | 309 | 42 |
| Oregon | 233 | 45.9% | 1.00x | 229 | 52 |
| Minnesota | 160 | 93.1% | 3.70x | 142 | 44 |
| Hawaii | 139 | 74.8% | 5.59x | 139 | 26 |
| Alaska | 107 | 88.8% | 2.94x | 37 | 37 |
| District of Columbia | 84 | 73.8% | 2.50x | 84 | 25 |
| Nebraska | 40 | 77.5% | 3.42x | 34 | 34.5 |
2025 Q1–Q4 · rows with n ≥ 30 determined line items · sorted by n.
Dollar amounts by state
| State (region) | Line items with $ | Total awarded | Median award | Median QPA | Award ×QPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas | 103,140 | $652.0M | $1,207 | $381 | 5.54x |
| Georgia | 36,729 | $42.4M | $887 | $283 | 2.41x |
| Tennessee | 31,378 | $42.5M | $853 | $257 | 2.72x |
| Arizona | 31,164 | $62.0M | $821 | $252 | 4.69x |
| Florida | 27,918 | $28.0M | $827 | $388 | 1.93x |
| Arkansas | 26,241 | $55.1M | $1,336 | $293 | 2.67x |
| California | 22,341 | $32.2M | $756 | $281 | 1.87x |
| Indiana | 22,163 | $20.6M | $685 | $272 | 2.43x |
| Virginia | 18,677 | $19.3M | $1,013 | $258 | 3.62x |
| Mississippi | 17,852 | $28.8M | $1,132 | $266 | 2.51x |
| Nevada | 17,472 | $14.0M | $773 | $283 | 2.42x |
| North Carolina | 13,438 | $11.1M | $824 | $298 | 2.25x |
| Ohio | 13,429 | $12.2M | $800 | $303 | 2.51x |
| Louisiana | 12,830 | $18.3M | $1,001 | $255 | 2.73x |
| Illinois | 12,800 | $14.0M | $876 | $286 | 2.46x |
| New York | 11,880 | $12.4M | $893 | $351 | 2.81x |
| Oklahoma | 11,599 | $22.8M | $851 | $301 | 3.33x |
| Missouri | 9,496 | $10.3M | $888 | $252 | 3.09x |
| Alabama | 9,181 | $9.1M | $852 | $164 | 4.05x |
| South Carolina | 8,872 | $20.6M | $830 | $256 | 6.17x |
| Wisconsin | 8,358 | $11.0M | $852 | $325 | 2.20x |
| Pennsylvania | 7,924 | $10.0M | $879 | $313 | 2.95x |
| Maryland | 7,728 | $9.8M | $836 | $264 | 3.64x |
| Kentucky | 7,483 | $6.5M | $853 | $288 | 2.53x |
| New Mexico | 7,232 | $12.7M | $851 | $216 | 3.56x |
| New Jersey | 6,795 | $8.9M | $891 | $328 | 2.98x |
| West Virginia | 5,543 | $7.5M | $943 | $258 | 4.31x |
| Washington | 5,103 | $4.5M | $761 | $361 | 2.24x |
| District of Columbia | 4,465 | $6.4M | $943 | $254 | 4.83x |
| Kansas | 3,195 | $5.8M | $1,163 | $309 | 3.01x |
| Massachusetts | 3,166 | $2.3M | $751 | $304 | 2.10x |
| Connecticut | 3,044 | $2.2M | $740 | $250 | 2.45x |
| Michigan | 2,897 | $3.3M | $848 | $275 | 2.70x |
| New Hampshire | 2,087 | $1.4M | $751 | $267 | 2.18x |
| Colorado | 1,772 | $6.4M | $1,035 | $395 | 1.53x |
| Delaware | 1,717 | $2.1M | $784 | $299 | 2.31x |
| Iowa | 1,042 | $1.3M | $727 | $338 | 3.72x |
| Rhode Island | 938 | $745,761 | $772 | $365 | 2.16x |
| Maine | 523 | $355,289 | $681 | $227 | 3.02x |
| Idaho | 296 | $1.0M | $3,668 | $345 | 4.48x |
| Oregon | 220 | $835,237 | $853 | $376 | 1.41x |
| Nebraska | 193 | $180,621 | $1,077 | $375 | 2.73x |
| South Dakota | 193 | $180,621 | $1,077 | $375 | 2.73x |
| Utah | 191 | $197,684 | $794 | $309 | 2.73x |
| Hawaii | 75 | $197,825 | $3,076 | $465 | 6.53x |
2025 Q1–Q4 · CMS QPA and Offers file · rows with n ≥ 30 line items with dollar amounts · sorted by n · Award ×QPA = total awarded ÷ total QPA.
By specialty
| Specialty group | Line items | Win % | Median ×QPA | Ratio n | Median days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emergency medicine and emergency departments | 541,643 | 86.6% | 2.94x | 485,395 | 38 |
| Hospitals and facilities | 30,101 | 84.1% | 2.54x | 23,794 | 37 |
| Not reported / unspecified | 12,483 | 12.2% | 1.00x | 10,405 | 160 |
| General and other surgery | 890 | 89.8% | 2.30x | 805 | 32 |
| Other / unclassified labels | 296 | 87.2% | 3.72x | 278 | 25.5 |
| Internal and family medicine | 250 | 92.4% | 12.26x | 244 | 37.5 |
| Orthopedic surgery | 96 | 94.8% | 9.69x | 70 | 38 |
| Hospital medicine (hospitalists) | 70 | 87.1% | 2.99x | 69 | 26 |
| Neurology | 68 | 77.9% | 23.86x † | 68 | 23.5 |
| Gastroenterology | 50 | 90.0% | 22.42x † | 48 | 30.5 |
| Intraoperative neuromonitoring | 47 | 95.7% | 7.65x | 43 | 37 |
2025 Q1–Q4 · rows with n ≥ 30 determined line items · sorted by n.
Section: Evaluation and management (99202–99499)
FAQ
What is the Federal IDR provider win rate for CPT 99285?
In 2025 Q1–Q4, the provider or facility offer was selected in 84.9% of 586,138 determined dispute line items for CPT 99285. Split decisions are excluded from the denominator and default decisions are included. Withdrawn, settled and ineligible disputes are not in the CMS data.
How do Federal IDR payments compare with the QPA for CPT 99285?
In 2025 Q1–Q4, the median prevailing offer was 2.87x the qualifying payment amount (QPA), with a 25th to 75th percentile range of 1.87x to 4.49x (n = 521,358 line items). This uses the CMS field Prevailing Party Offer as % of QPA, where 1.00x equals the QPA.
How long do Federal IDR decisions take for CPT 99285?
In 2025 Q1–Q4, the median was 38 business days (n = 586,138 line items), using the CMS field Length of Time to Make Determination (from dispute initiation).